1. Does it matter if the elements turn off during a session, or do they need to be on all the time for maximum effectiveness?

The answer is NO, the elements do not have to be on all the time to maximize effectiveness. In fact, it's far better if they are controlled by a thermostat and repeatedly go on and off. The reason for this is as follows: As the elements of a Health Mate Far Infrared Wellness Centre heat up, the far infrared light waves they emit - measured in microns - actually decreases. There is an inverse relationship between rising heat and lowering microns (see Wein's Law). Ideally, we want these microns to settle in at about six to eight microns for maximum positive affect on the body. We all give off our own radiant energy. This equates to about 9.4 microns on average. The Health Mate's incloy metal heaters will pass through this point on their way to full heat. Once the internal air temperature of the Health Mate reaches it's desired setting (e.g. 130 degrees F), they turn off. And as they cool down slightly, the microns increase, passing again through the human body range of 9.4. This is good for you as these light waves will penetrate even further into the body - at least temporarily, before turning back on a few minutes later. Far infrared saunas who claim to have elements that never go off will heat up the internal sauna temperature beyond that which is considered comfortable, and not settle in at a maximized micron wavelength in order to benefit the body. In other words, it's better for the elements to go on and off - this truly maximizes the positive impact on the body.